Climate Change and Its Consequences

Climate change and its consequences have recently grown in importance on political agendasworldwide. CO2 emissions is one of the gases that has a dramatic impact on the environmentresulting in rising coastal flooding, reduction in water supplies and increase malnutrition(IEA, 2010). In order to protect the environment for future generations, a global reduction inCO2 emissions is required along with reduced consumption of non-renewable energyresources. One major CO2 contributor is the transport sector, which is responsible for arounda quarter of EU greenhouse gas emissions, making it the second biggest greenhouse gasemittingsector after energy. While emissions from other sectors are shrinking, those fromtransport have increased by 36% since 1990. As a consequence, the European Union has setmandatory emission reduction targets for passenger cars of 95g/km by 2020, which is areduction of 40% compared to 2007. Automobile manufacturers that fail to comply facedrastic fines. In order to reach these targets and prevent penalty payments for excessemissions, innovative propulsion systems have gained increasing attention. Vehicles withelectric propulsion are considered as a promising alternative on the pathway towards lowemissionvehicles that could enable the transport sector to reduce emissions significantly.During the last few years, electric vehicles (EV) got more and more attention in national andEuropean policies and public awareness increased significantly. While much effort has beenput in the research and development of e-mobility, less attention has been paid to consumers'acceptance (Yeh, 2007). The majority of consumers still consider EVs as disadvantageouscompared to traditional cars. However, without consumer acceptance there will be notechnological shift and long-term success of sustainable transport systems (Wiedmann et al.,2011). Therefore, it is crucial to gain in-depth insights in consumers' perception towards EVsthat affect preferences for and the adoption of alternative fuelled vehicles.

Salah: Spiritual Nourishment of the Soul

Salat: Salah Is ordained on Muslims five times a day and Is essentially the spiritual nourishment of the soul of the believer as well as the divine connection between Allah and the believer. There are 5 prayers throughout the day: Fajr (predawn), Dhuhr (afternoon), Asr (post-afternoon), Maghrib (evening), Isha (night). Salat In Qur'an: 1 . Establishing Salah Develops Taqwa (Fear and Awareness of Allah) : â€Å"This Is the Book In which there is no doubt, a guidance for those who have taqwa; who believe In the unseen, and who establish Salah, and spend out of what we have provided for them† (2: 2-3) 2.Salah Is the Sign ofa Believer : â€Å"The believers, men and women, are protecting friends of one another; they enJoln good and forbid evil, and they establish Salah, and give Zakah, and obey Allah and His Messenger. Allah will have His Mercy on them, and surely, Allah is All-Mighty, All- Wise. † (9: 71) 3. Establishing Salah Leads to Allah's Eternal Blessings : â€Å"So whatever you have been given is but (a passing) enjoyment for this worldly life, but that which Is with Allah is better and more lasting for those who believe and put their trust In their Lord. And those who avoid the great sins and lewdness, and when they are angry. hey forgive.And those who answer the Call of their Lord, and perform the Salah, and who conduct their affairs by mutual consultation, and who spend of what We have bestowed on them. † (42:36-38) 4. Those Who Pray Shall Have Nothing to Fear on the Day of Judgment : â€Å"Truly, those who believe and do righteous deeds, and perform Salah, and give Zakah, they will have their reward with their Lord. on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. † (2:277) 5. Remain in Allah's remembrance after prayer : â€Å"When have finished performing the Salah, remember Allah standing, sitting, and eclining, but when you are free from danger, perform the Salah.Surely, Salah Is en]olned on the believers at fixed times. à ¢â‚¬  (4:103) 6. Command to Pray with Congregation : â€Å"And establish Salah and give Zakah, and bow down (in worship) along with those who bow down (in worship)† (2:43) 7. Special Command Regarding Punctuality of Prayer : â€Å"Guara strlctly tne salan, especlally obedience. † (2:238) 8. Allah's Help Comes Through Salah : e Saa . Ana stand DeTore Allan w â€Å"Seek help through patience and Salah; truly it is extremely difficult except for the humble true believers. † (2:45) â€Å"Oh you who believe! Seek help through patience and Salah. Truly, Allah is with those who are patient. (2:153) 9. Special Emphasis on Friday Prayer . â€Å"Oh you who believe! When the call is made for the Salah on Friday, come to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off business. That is better for you, if you only knew! And when the Salah has ended, you may disperse through the land, and seek the Bounty of Allah, and remember Allah much so that you may be successful. † (62: 09-10) 10. Prayer Protects Against Evils : â€Å"Recite that which has been revealed to you of the Book, and perform Salah. Verily, Salah prevents from lewdness and evils. And indeed, the remembrance of Allah (by you) is greatest.And Allah knows what you do. † (29:45) Necessary WaJib Acts of Salat : 1 . Starting the prayer with the Takbir, Allah-u Akbar; 2. Reciting the Fatiha completely; 3. Reciting a Surah (chapter) of the Qur'an after the Fatiha in the first two rakats of any obligatory prayer and in all the rakats of the Odd-Numbered Prayer (Salat al-Witr) and again in all the rakats of any optional (nafllah) prayer; 4. Reciting the Fatiha before the additional Surah (chapter); 5. When prostrating, placing the forehead and the nose on the ground together; 6. Performing the two prostrations (saJdas) successively; 7.Paying attention to â€Å"tadil arkan†(i. e. to perform all pillars of the prayer with ease, not shortening them; 8. In the three-rakat or four-rakat pra yers, sitting at the completion of the second rakat; 9. Reciting at-Tahiyyatu at the end of the second rakat and when one sits before one has made salaam (salutation); 10. When performing any of the obligatory three-rakat and four-rakat prayers, the Odd- Numbered Prayer (Salat al-Witr) and the first sunnah part of the Noon Prayer (Salat az Zuhr), standing up for the third rakat as soon as one has recited the at-Tahiyyatu t the and of the second rakat; 11.When performed in congregation, the prayer leader (imam) reciting aloud the Fatiha and the additional surahs of the Qur'an in the two obligatory rakats of the Morning Prayer (Salat al-FaJr), in the first two rakats of the obligatory rakats of the Sunset Prayer (Salat al-Maghrib) and the Late Evening Prayer (Salat al'lsha), in the Friday Assembly Prayer (Salat al-Jum'a), and in both the Festival Prayers (Ela Prayers); 12 Agaln, In tne larawln Prayer ana tne oaa-NumDerea Prayer following it in the month of Ramadan, the imam's reciting aloud the Fatiha and the additional surahs; 13.In the obligatory sections of the Noon Prayer (Salat az-Zuhr) and the Late Afternoon Prayer (Salat al-Asr), the imam's reciting silently the Fatiha and the additional surahs of the Noble Qur'an; 14. While following the Imam, not reciting anything but remaining silent; 15. Reciting the Qunut Supplications in the Odd-Numbered Prayer (Salat al-Witr) 16. Performing the additional Takbirs in the Eid Prayers; 17. Giving salaam at the end of the prayer; 18. Making saJdah sahw (prostration for forgetfulness) at the end of a prayer if a mistake has been made in it; 19. Making a prostration after finishing an ayat where a aJdah is called for.Necessary Farz Acts of Salat : 1 . At-Tahrimah (the first Allahu Akbar 2. Qiyam (standing) 3. Qira'ah (recitation of Quran) ever if it be an Ayah. 4. Ruku 5. SJdah 6. The final sitting for the duration of Tashshahud Importance And Significance of Salat : Those who are steadfast in seeking the face of their L ord, and establish salat and give from the provision We have given them, secretly and openly, and stave off evil with good, it is they who will have the ultimate Abode. (Surat ar-Ra'd,22) The salat is a religious observance that believers are commanded to perform throughout the ourse of their lives, the times of which have been stipulated.

The Organization System - Organizational Change and Stress Management Term Paper - 1

The Organization System - Organizational Change and Stress Management - Term Paper Example The response to the first and the ninth question indicates that physical exhaustion is the major reason which is pushing me towards job burnout while mental exhaustion is also taking over as indicated by the response towards the second and the last question. Everybody experiences job burnout at one point in their career. It is a kind of job stress which affects a person physically as well as emotionally. A person feels utterly exhausted and doubts his abilities and competence. Job burnout was identified in the early 1970s and since then has become a topic of study with researchers and psychologists trying to determine the various causes and factors which often leave a person frustrated and drained. Job burnout is a global problem but is treated differently in different societies. In some countries it is considered a social problem while others treat it as a medical problem. At first it was thought that job burnout was restricted to those workers involved in human services such as nur ses, policemen, social workers and legal workers etc. However, as further studies were carried out, it was noted that job burnout was not restricted to people associated with social and health services only; even entrepreneurs, managers and white and blue collared persons suffered from a deep sense of depression and depletion in their jobs (Schaufeli et al, 2009). Job burnout reduces productivity as the worker begins to question his own talents and abilities and fails to come up with any useful contribution let alone face challenges. Although job burnout is quite common and is a hazard that plagues every occupation, the professionals who suffer from this emotional trauma the most are those associated with the police department and nursing. Pines (2005) devised the Burnout Measure or the BM method comprises of twenty one items pertaining to feelings and attitudes such as physical exhaustion; feeling weak or sickly and losing sleep; emotional exhaustion such as feeling depressed and h opeless and mental exhaustion such as feeling worthless like a failure and disappointed with people (Pines 2005). The answers were judged on a scale of 1 to 7 with responses ranging from never to always. According to Pine, a score of 4 indicates a burnout. The BM is the most commonly used burnout inventory and also enjoys a high internal consistency. A study of correlation between various work stressors and BMS scores in table four showed that the work environment factors contributed strongly towards burnout. The people examined were Israeli Jews and Arabs who were involved in police work force, nursing or were MBA students. Table 4 showed the responses of the police workforce and it is evident that the personnel are experiencing high job burnout which may affect the safety in jails and prisons. Poor working conditions, under staffing which means working under pressure to complete tasks such as cell searches, inmate count, paper work, security rounds and apathy and lack of interest from superiors led to job dissatisfaction and growing negative feelings. The Burnout Measure devised by Pines is the second most important measure of job burnout; the first one being the Maslach Burnout Inventory which according to Schaufeli is the â€Å"gold standard to assess burnout† (Schaufeli et al, 2009). Researchers and practitioners view burnout differently; according to some, exhaustion is the only force behind job burnout

Napoleonic War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Napoleonic War - Essay Example The fierce competition started as a power struggle between the two nations. At that time, the size of Britain’s army was small, and had lost many battles in the European nations. The revolution pushed France into mayhem, the ruins of which, gave rise to the most powerful army led by Napoleon Buonaparte. Napoleon was born in 1769 in a poor family. The feudal government of France received a severe blow in 1789 from almost all other European nations. This lasted for almost two decades of warfare with all the other competing empires trying to impose their view of balanced power. Consequently, many wars were fought over many large areas and were thence referred to as the First World War. This era was divided into the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Empire. With the advent of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French Revolution and the subsequent republic experienced tumbling of the French monarchy and its replacement by a series of intermittent violent civilian directions. At the peak of this period, known as â€Å"The Terror† the King and Queen were cruelly put to death. This stimulated the other European nations towards France, and vowed that the resulting nation would never enjoy the cooperation of other European leaders. This is when Napoleon Bonaparte seized the control of French government. With his unusual intelligence and charisma, Napoleon started climbing steps of success one after the other. Before moving as the French artillery officer, Napoleon struggled against French domination in Corscia, a place on the border of Europe. Napoleon was made the Lieutenant in 1792 at the age of 23. A year later, his genius personality led him to becoming the Brigadier-General. After two years, he was able to successfully fight the Austrian troops. Though situation was bad for the French, Napoleon was highly confident of his abilities for battle and was given the command of French armies. Napoleon Bonaparte became the first ambassador of French rebellion in

Gender roles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender roles - Research Paper Example The roles have changed and there has been a rise in the number of women in the workplace. In the USA, 47% of the working population is made up of the women. Companies are changing the policies for facilitating the women to work. Sexual harassment has become an important issue and the men are more concerned in their behavior with the women. Gender roles come from the upbringing of the individuals. There is a difference in the physicality and the mental set up of the men and the women. Women are tender and the men are considered to be more outgoing. The traditional roles of the society were based on these principles and the women were considered to stay at home and the men were perceived to work. With the recent changes in the society the women have been more outgoing but in the family front, the situation is the same. The women still takes care of the household though they work in the offices. There has been a massive shift in the gender roles of the society and there has been a probl em in the families. The males are not open to the idea of the success of the females and this leads to the differences between the individuals. (Gender roles, n.d.) This has brought the debate whether the traditional model of women staying at homes and the men working were better for the society. Traditional gender roles In her article, â€Å"Traditional gender role attitudes and violence against women† the author Milinda York states the traditional gender roles of the women. In the American society, the women are dominated and the men are more outgoing. The women stayed at home and the men go to earn income for their family.

Action Research Proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Action Research Proposal - Thesis Example Content analysis will be used for analysing data that is going to be obtained from the study. There is a lot of information on Instructional Rounds about how to do them, prepare them and the reasoning behind them. However, there is little information that gets directly back to the teacher. It is because of this, I find it necessary to conduct research in order to establish how instructional rounds directly influence instruction in the class room. In this study, I will specifically focus on the teachers since some of them are stuck in their old ways, refusing to try new approaches while others are willing to give a try to anything new. However, most teachers fall between the two categories and this is the reason why this study seeks to investigate the measures that can be taken to implement instructional rounds in order to improve instructional competencies in teaching students from different backgrounds. The study will also investigate how instructional rounds in teaching can enhance the teaching profession in different contexts. The study will mainly focus on Union Groove Middle School which has a current enrolment of 876 with a composition of 416 males and 460 females. The ethnicity composition of the students is as follows: White (325), Pacific Islander (10), Black (224), Asian (45), Indian (6) and Hispanic (200). The number of students with 504 plans stands at 82, and the number of at risk students is 224. The total number of students in special education is 85. The composition of the total population of the students is ideal for conducting a study about the effectiveness since it is comprised of six ethnic groups as mentioned above. Usually, teaching students from diverse ethnic backgrounds can be challenging since these people have different levels of understanding by virtue of their experiences. Elements such as language and cultural differences also contribute to the level of understanding of the students in as far as

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 18

Project management - Essay Example I could not concentrate long enough to think of any contribution to make to the group and I even forgot the basic steps of the theory which we had been taught to act as a guide. My group members however came to my rescue and did all the work at this stage. I cannot up to date be able to explain how the process of strategizing took place exactly and even had to read about it later on in order to understand and be able to move onto the next step (Kendrick, 2010). The strategizing part was not over yet as we had to continue with additional planning which mostly dealt with marketing planning and strategizing on the different ways to campaign. This involved a lot of team work to brainstorm the perfect ideas for marketing campaign which would gain the maximum support and attract the target group was hoping to attract at that time. The fact I had a little previous knowledge in marketing was a huge contribution to the group and to this stage in our project (Levine, 2002). There had to be recruitment and training which was still our responsibility and this was really stressful to find over twenty members of staff who had the right qualification, right energy and determination to work in the project and who shared the same enthusiasm and willingness to spend long hours even without pay working for the success of the project. This process took longer than was expected or even accounted for in our timeline and hence affected the whole project despite the fact that we rushed some of the steps such as budgeting (Termini, 2009). The budgeting step was my area of specialty as I am good at approximation of costs and making mini budgets for personal reasons. I therefore was confident about assisting the team in this step and since we knew what we wanted and where we would get them from in terms of materials, the budgeting stage was smooth. This taught me that having prior

Face Negotiation Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Face Negotiation Theory - Essay Example Facework refers to particular non-verbal as well as verbal messages that help in maintaining or re-building the loss of face. Different aspects of the Face-Negotiation Theories Anxiety and uncertainty can result in conflict that brings discomfort. According to Ting-Toomey’s face-negotiation theory, it is mainly based on individualism and collectivism (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Harry Triandis states that three important distinctions between collectivistic and individualistic cultures include the different ways in which members perceive the concepts of goals, self, and duty. More than 60% of the world’s population is born to collectivist cultures such as those in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America; while the remainder, in nations such as Switzerland and Germany, live in individualist cultures (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For collectivist cultures such as that of Japan, it is presumed that even the decisions made by the citizens on an individual basis end up affecting th e community. This means that it is constructive for the accepted norms of the group to determine individual choices. The Japanese ‘We’ identity is comparable to the ‘I’ identity of the individualistic American society. In the use of meditation methods in the two types of cultures, the mediator encourages antagonists to deal directly with their differences and keeps the conversation focused on the possibility of a final agreement. Ting –Toomey states that in a culture, the citizens who make it up differ in terms of how much they identify with group solidarity or individualistic self-sufficiency. Timing-Toomey uses the terms ‘independent’ as well as ‘interdependent self’ to identify the extent to which a culture’s members view themselves as being autonomous or in relation to others around them. The psychologists Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Markus refer to this concept as self-image or self-construal (Ting -Toomey, 2010). In seemingly individualistic cultures such as the American culture, there may be certain changes that are noted in different ethnic groups. There are ethnic immigrants, for instance, that still practice collectivist habits and bring up their children in a collectivist culture, and to be highly interdependent. These select immigrant populations also encourage their citizens to engage in self-values that are interdependent and that highlight relational connectedness. It is common for the Western world to regard the maintenance of ‘face’ to be a predominantly Asian preoccupation. However, it is more common in other cultures as well, as it can be said to be a different definition of the self-concept. The Max Plank Institute of Psycholinguistics’ Stephen Levinson and Penelope Brown have defined the concept of ‘face’ as being the public image of self that society’s members wish to claim as being their own (Ting -Toomey, 2010). Lin Yutang, a Taiwane se author, on the other hand, defined face as being a psychological image that can be lost, granted to an individual, and even struggled for (Ting -Toomey, 2010). For Ting-Toomey, the concept of face is simply descriptive of the projective image of an individual’s self in a relational setting. While people in individualistic societies struggle to preserve their own best ‘images’, those in collectivist cultures tend to focus on preserving the good ‘images’ of their fellow man.     

If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines Essay

If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines and the division of the world into countries on a map are artificial, what does this mean - Essay Example What are the processes underlying the compelling desire of human to dissect and divide, are these processes comparable, how has the divides occurred - these perplexing questions have puzzled generations of outstanding scholars, but still remain unanswered. The world is multi-dimensional with numerous natural boundaries: mountains and rivers, deserts and forests, fields and lakes, plateaus and slumps compose a unique and highly diverse image of the Earth. These natural boundaries have provided mankind with references points allowing people to move from one point to another, travel, hunt, explore the remote areas always using these natural points to return to the native places and family. Evidently, these natural boundaries have played - and continue to play - an essential role in shaping human civilisation, as we know it, but they have failed to fully satisfy the needs of human society. The artificial boundaries dividing the nations and communities have been created artificially to address these implicit needs. Knowledge does not have a clear defined surface area or natural boundaries; its abstract nature makes it barely possible to calculate or quantify it; senses and measurements do not provide the appropriate tools to divide it. Nonetheless, mankind has also felt the need to divide it into several areas. Perhaps one of the key objectives of such divide was the desire to establish the missing reference points in order to facilitate navigation from one place to another: the artificial boundaries within the body of knowledge were intended to perform the same function the natural boundaries in the physical world played. However, even if that the factors/reasons underlying division of the physical world and the abstract realm of knowledge are similar, the implications and nature of the boundaries are likely to differ signification. Although the geographical boundaries and the divide between different areas of knowledge have been drawn by human, the nature of the boundaries is non-comparable due to several reasons. Firstly, the geographical boundaries, by definition, do not allow for free crossing; knowledge does not imply this sine qua non condition. Secondly, the nature of knowledge is complex, dynamic, and multifaceted: it is not approachable with mere senses or mere thinking; it is rather a process which gets even richer when the separated areas overlap. The ongoing debate about the definition and elements of knowledge1 vividly illustrates why comparing the abstract and physical boundaries lacks credibility and is probably doomed to failure. Furthermore, even the origins of knowledge are not known either: epistemology or theory of knowledge, the branch of philosophy that explores the origins and sources of knowledge, the assumptions upon which knowledge is based, and what we 'can know' and 'do know' fails to provide a clear and exhaustive answer to this question2. The origins of modern epistemological debate can be traced back to the past philosophers. The famous Cartesian mind/body duality introduced by famous philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes divorced body from mind and thinking from sensing.

Critical Appraisal of a Paper (Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in Essay

Critical Appraisal of a Paper (Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in Nigerian patients with HIV infection) - Essay Example The fact that the study population was adopted from the same hospital means that this study was committed to using its own approach, unique from other studies. The authors made a nice conclusion, which is all-inclusive. For instance, they have identified some of the limitations, which are present in their research. This helps the audience of this research to interpret the research findings in the context in which the researchers conducted it. Additionally, they have identified the importance of this study to their hospital, and as it applies to the wider society. This research is a great achievement, especially to the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria, considering that this is the first research of its kind to be conducted in this hospital. This will help the doctors and other caregivers to predict outcomes of different cases related with HIV and the two types of Hepatitis. Furthermore, although this research was not conducted in the communities, these findings can still be of help to the people in the grassroots level. This will also help in sensitizing the HIV infected members of the society to test for the different types of Hepatitis, considering the implications they have on HIV patients. This research article is not perfect, but it rates above average. The presentation is well above average, and the clarity is incredible. Additionally, the analysis of the research findings is in-depth, highly insightful, and quite easy to understand. Although this research presentation is quite commendable, there are some important aspects, which were omitted. First, the literature review section is missing. Normally, it is appropriate if a research includes a review of literature. In addition, considering that this was a first research in this field for this hospital, literature review would have helped this research through offering a direction, and predicting expected outcomes of the research. By comparing the works of other authors in the

The Availabilityof Safe and Clean Water in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

The Availabilityof Safe and Clean Water in Nigeria Essay One would agree that something so basic and necessary should readily be available but that has not been the case with Africa. Africa is home to most of the poorest people in the world. It is a continent faced with numerous conflicts, trials and challenges; and a severe lack of access to safe water is amongst its biggest. An estimated eight hundred and eighty-four million people do not have access to safe drinking water, while some one and a half million children under five died each year from sickness caused by water-borne diseases. In Sub-Sahara Africa in general, there is no water shortage, but there is a lack of storage capacity and distribution systems. Nigeria is Africas most populous nation and is home to an estimated one hundred and sixty-seven million people. It is a country that receives a relatively high level of annual rainfall which is not distributed evenly through time or space. Because of these variations in time and space, people in different parts of Nigeria use water in different ways. For example, in the drier northern parts of Nigeria where rainfall is lower and less evenly distributed throughout the year, efforts have been made to develop irrigation. Down south, the rainfall is more abundant and supplies the teeming population who use it as a source of portable water. While irrigation is important in a few parts of the country, the vast majority of people use water mainly for day-to-day household activities like cooking, drinking, and washing. In a relatively well-watered country like Nigeria, one would think that acquiring water would not be a problem. Providing safe, abundant supplies of household water, has been an immense challenge however. Unfortunately, access to safe drinking water is far less than thirty percent on the aggregate. In a poor country like Nigeria, gaining access to safe, continuous water supplies is an ongoing struggle for many. Human wastes and pollution make many water supplies unsafe for many people. In addition, the state has been unable to provide safe, affordable water. This is particularly true in rural areas. In many rural areas, where the majority of the population live, women and girls are forced to walk long distances to acquire household water. In extreme cases, women and children may spend from two to three hours per day gathering water. It goes without saying that most rural households do not have their own pipe-borne water supply. In the best of circumstances, small villages or neighborhoods will have their own wells. While water supply is somewhat better in urban areas, major challenges still remain. In cities without a functioning public water system, individual households and groups of households must either drill their own well or purchase their water. The proliferation of small urban wells and boreholes is not a thorough end to the problem, however. There is no guarantee that the water drawn from the wells especially is safe for drinking. Due to a lack of sanitation facilities, household wastes filter into the cities underground water supplies. Furthermore, with an eighty-five percent increase in urban population from 1990 to 2004, the number of urban dwellers unserved with either safe drinking water or basic sanitation doubled from 1990 to 2004. In addition to rapid urbanization, ineffective governance and persistent poverty remain the root cause of water infrastructure associated problems. Access to safe water is also a critical factor in Nigerian public health. The most damaging drinking water-borne illnesses are typhoid, cholera, and diarrhea. Other human diseases are spread merely through contact with contaminated water. Bathing water illnesses include schistosomiasis (formerly known as bilharziasis), dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection), and roundworm infections. Drinking and bathing are not the only methods through which water-borne illnesses are spread. Contaminated water is often used to wash foods like fruits and vegetables. This often provides another channel for diseases to spread. Bad management of the water bodies too has led them to even becoming breeding sites for vectors of parasites that cause diseases such as malaira, river blindness, dengue fevers, sleeping sickness and so on. Nigeria is masked with challenges of coping with failing infrastructures, inadequate finance, poor legislation, lack of appropriate institutional capacity for regulation and control and often the political will to enforce control measures to bring about change. The position is complicated by the fact that governments have been at a loss on how to set standards to improve the water situation. Consequently, they resort to dependence on adopted standards, policies and guidelines as presented by international organizations. But in the midst of these seemingly insurmountable challenges efforts, are being made to bring about a shift in the status quo but they have not been enough. The theoretical and practical knowledge of water, sanitation and hygiene are of relevance in overcoming this water crisis and providing safe and clean water to Nigerians. The practical aspect may be undertaken in the form of a community development project. Objectives of such water supply projects will involve the following: †¢ Assessing community needs in relation to water supply. †¢ Developing a joint plan of action with the government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and community members for the supply of water and romotion of environmental hygiene and health. †¢ To promote the adoption of safe hygienic practices within the project communities in order to limit the occurrence and effects of water and sanitation related diseases. To assist in empowering the communities for behavioural changes through participatory approaches. †¢ To establish a powerful network with international organizations working on water, the environment and health in order to provi de technical assistance for the project, especially as regards training of trainers. Establishment of a joint planning committee including all the stakeholders and community members is very necessary for the project. This is important in order to have active participation and a sense of ownership of the project; such multisectoral committee will enhance the sustainability of the programme. The second stage of the planning involves the determination of a hierarchy of the project goals, objectives and targets which is to provide clean and safe water to members of the community. Going further, a generation and assessment of the various options available for achieving the set objectives and targets, as there are usually several ways of reaching a target. This will result in preferred options or a combination of approaches, which will then form part of the plan to bring safe and clean water to Nigerians. The programming stage translates the results of the option appraisal into a series of programmes, each with a budget, over the plan period. The penultimate stage involves the implementation of the plan, bearing in mind the various dynamics of the Nigerian poplulation. This involves transforming the broad programmes drafted to suit the smaller rural communities, into more specific timed and budgeted sets of tasks and activities, and involves the drawing up of a more operational plan or a work plan to service the bigger cities and the nation at large. The work plan is closely monitored during the implementation stage. This is to see that the corruption so frequently encountered in the system does not hamper the progress being made in providing clean and safe water to Nigerians. Simple behavioural changes have complex repercussions. However, such changes will not occur unless they are appropriate, affordable and acceptable, considering the complex web of socio-cultural and economic factors impacting at the individual and the community level in Nigeria; ultimately determining whether or not people are willing or able to make basic changes in their lifestyles in order to help serve them clean and safe water. These changes are geared towards safeguarding public health and delivering a better life to Nigerians, and must involve each and every one of us. Countless lives will be saved, and the attending socio-economic advancement would be rewarding to every Nigerian.

Social Consequences of Inequality

Social Consequences of Inequality Inequality is a feature of my country, (the UK), however, it is of little social consequence. Discuss. Introduction Inequality in society means that some people are at a disadvantage compared to others. In the UK inequalities are featured in a number of different contexts. Women for example are socially disadvantaged in comparison to men and ethnic minorities are often disadvantaged in comparison to the dominant white community because they may not have the same opportunities. There are also class inequalities in Britain where those from a working class background are often disadvantaged compared to people from a middle-class background (Giddens, 2001). This assignment will discuss the statement that inequality is a feature of the UK and assess the view that it is of little social consequence, this will be done with reference to class and gender inequalities in health. Class Inequalities Those who belong to the higher capitalist classes and to the middle classes tend to be better educated than people from a working class background. This often means that the higher classes have greater material resources than those from a lower class. Having more money means that people also have greater access to other resources. They tend to fare better when it comes to education and to health because they live in better areas which tend to have less crowded and better performing schools (Giddens, 2001). The working classes tend to have more stressful, or more physically demanding jobs that pay less money than, for example, teaching or being the manager of a successful business. This means that they often cannot afford the same kind of diet as those who earn more money and live in a better area. This puts them at a disadvantage in terms of how healthy they are and how long they might expect to live (Walsh et al, 2000). Such inequalities do not simply occur as a result of class ineq ualities but in areas where people do not have the same equality of opportunity. Since the late nineteen sixties feminists such as Walby (1990) have pointed to the fact that in a capitalist society women do not have the same access to material or other social resources and that this is due to the gender inequalities which exist in a patriarchal society. Gender Inequalities Britain is a patriarchal society. In patriarchal societies women are seen as the subordinate sex. Patriarchy is bound up with traditional notions of the family where the father was seen as the head of the family unit. This, feminists say, can be seen in all the structures of patriarchal societies where laws and social structures operate in such a way as to benefit men at the expense of women (Walby, 1990). Since the nineteenth century the traditional family has been one where the man goes to work and the woman stays at home and looks after the house and any children in the family. Walby (1990) argues that this arrangement made women invisible and their labour in the home, which allowed men to have a public life, has not been taken into account. With the rise of feminism and the struggle for equal opportunities for women the situation has changed somewhat and many women now work outside the home. Work does not readjust the gender imbalances that exist in British society because in mos t jobs women still earn less than men. Walby (1990) has argued that gender is a primary category when it comes to inequaltity and the oppression of women. State policies may no longer aim to keep women in the home but have done little to alleviate the inequalities between women and men in the public sphere. Certain occupations such as teaching, nursing, shop or clerical work are still regarded as women’s work. Although women may now be involved in the public sphere and can be found in the labour market in increasing numbers, Walby states that they still remain segregated from wealth, power and status. Doyal (1995) has said that research shows that while paid work brings benefits to a family it can also bring extra stresses and responsibilities. These may then affect women’s health. The increasing number of roles that women are called upon to play in contemporary society affects their emotional, mental and physical well being. Class, Gender, and Health For some time there has been concern over the fact that there appear to be inequalities in health provision and the ways in which this impacts on people’s lives. As a result of this sociologists look the body, or aspects of the body and the ways in which factors such as class, race and gender affect a person’s experience of health (Giddens, 2001).The Acheson Report (1998) pointed out that health inequalities are complex, certainly more than people had previously believed. Material deprivation alone is not the cause of inequalities in health, rather there are wider cultural and economic factors which interact with personal choices based on psychological and biological influences. Acheson recommended that a wider range of intervention and policy initiatives would be needed to address health inequalities. Many commentators believe that class inequalities in health have worsened over the last twenty five years with the introduction of market forces into healthcare i.e. oper ating the health system as though it were a business (Giddens, 2001). This particularly affects those people at the lower end of the class scale because facilities in poorer areas are often over stretched and therefore people may have to wait longer for the care they need. Women in Britain tend to use the health services a lot more than their male counterparts. This is explained in terms of women generally living longer than men, having more chronic illnesses and generally being the main care giver and child rearer in the family (Provincial Health Officer’s Report, 1995). Feminists such as Abbott and Wallace (1997) point out that what is often missed is that women will also visit the doctor on behalf of another family member. Feminists also point out that because there is no specific health care policy for women the processes of menstruation, childbirth and the menopause are over medicalised. Are These Inequalities of Social Consequence? Clearly there are class and gender inequalities which are endemic to society in the United Kingdom and this results in inequalities in other areas of social life such as health. It might be argued that these inequalities do have social consequences. Class inequalities in health for example can result in working class members of society suffering from greater ill health and dying prematurely. The results of this could mean a shortage of workers in jobs that are not usually held by people from other classes it could also mean that the working class are more of a burden on the health system than their middle class counterparts. These things could have much wider social consequences, a shortage of services, in the construction industry for example, and a shortage of hospital beds in some areas. Similarly gender inequalities could also have wider social consequences. If women do not have sufficient access to health services then they may not be healthy enough to take care of other members of the family. Conclusion Clearly there are inequalities in this country and it would certainly appear that these inequalities may not seem to be of great social consequence but if they are left to carry on unaddressed could have wider ramifications. The introduction of the Community Care Act in 1990 for example relies on family members to take care of those people who may not be able to look after themselves as a result of mental health problems, or simply due to age. Members of the upper and middle classes may well have the resources to pay for care but working class people do not. If health inequalities are not addressed then there may be no-one who is fit enough to look after those people who are unable to look after themselves. This could have serious consequences for the health system, the benefits system, and Government policy making in general. 1250 words Bibliography Abbott and Wallace, 1997 An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge Acheson, D. 1998. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report London, HMSO Doyal, L. 1995 What Makes Women Sick London, Macmillan Giddens, A. 2001 4th ed. Sociology, Cambridge, Polity Press www.polity.co.uk/giddens Pollert, A. 1996. â€Å"Gender and class revisited or the poverty of patriarchy† Sociology vol. 30 no. 4 Provincial Health Of. cer’s Annual Report (1995). Report on the Health of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Health and Ministry Responsible for Seniors. Townsend, P. Davidson, N. and Whitehead, M. (eds) 1988. Inequalities in Health, the Black Report and the Health Divide Harmondsworth, Penguin Turner, B. 1987.Medical Power and Social Knowledge. London, Sage. Walby,S. 1990. Theorising Patriarchy. Blackwell, Oxford. Walsh, M. Stephens, P. and Moore, S. 2000 Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham,

Representation Matters in Semiotic Approach

Representation Matters in Semiotic Approach According to Hall (1997), Representation is the production of the meaning of the concepts in our minds through language. [†¦] The relation between things, concepts and signs lies at the heart of the production of meaning in language. [†¦] Language is therefore the system of representation involved in the overall process of constructing meaning. His representation study is lighted with wisdom from Saussures theory whose significant contribution was the point of way of signs the meanings production, negative of reflection or intentionality and building up the constructionist approach. For Saussure, the production of meaning depends on language and to be a sign system, language was associated this two element the signifier and the signified. (Culler, 1976, cited in Hall, 1997) Saussure gave his model of representation shifting from linguistics to semiotics. People fix the meaning by the signifier correlating with the signified which simultaneously involves our cultural and li nguistic codes and this is the process to achieve the representation as well. In Saussures study, the emphasis was put on the various general rules and codes of the linguistic system. The connection provided by the codes between the signifier and the signified produced signs; and signs, organized into languages, created meanings. This formed the way to constructionist thought. Later with the development of Myth theory which was based on the model of representation provided by Saussure, Roland Barthes, the French critic, suggests that signs can be constructed into levels. The first, completed meaning functions as the signifier in the second stage of the representation process, and when linked with a wider there by a reader, yields a second, more elaborate and ideologically framed message or meaning. (Hall, 1997:39) Barthes called the second level of signification the level of myth or meta-language. These two theories indicate the semiotic approach provides a method for analyzing how representations convey meaning. Hall uses the concept of representation to discuss the origin of the objects cultural meaning and analyzes that the objects by themselves do not mean anything; meanings are generated and constructed by language or other cultural signs processed through language. He defined representation is the production of the meaning of concepts in our minds through language. It is the link between concepts and language which enables us to refer to either the real world of objects, people or events, or indeed to imaginary worlds of fictional objects, people and events. (Hall, 1997:17) In brief, representation is the procedure of connecting with objects, conceptual map in our mind and language cultural symbols. There are two representation systems existing. In the first system, mental representations which we carry around in our heads present various objects and turning to the second system a set of signs stand for these conceptual maps. Furthermore, the practices of representation imply the embody ing of concepts, ideas and emotions in a symbolic form can be transmitted and meaningfully interpreted. Meaning must enter the domain of these practices, if it is to circulate effectively within a culture. (Hall, 1997:10) With the combination of Halls theory, representation can be regarded as presenting objects through language or other symbols and produce some relative cultural meanings and values; moreover representation has a share in production, multiplication, exchange and circulation of the whole cultural meanings and values system. Under the framework of Halls theory, the significance of representation practice is that it is involved in the production and circulation of cultural meanings and values system. He defines culture as a sharing meaning or a sharing conceptual map. That reveals culture is just like meaning sea and social or group members are like fish in it; they produce and exchange from each other. This view is basically rooted on culture concept of Raymond Williams who regards as a particular way of life, which expresses certain meanings and values not only in are and learning but also in institutions and ordinary behavior. (1961: 41) Hall then transformed Williams meanings and values into more symbolic meanings and inherited Williams cultural materialism on culture status and function. Culture has been judged as a fact with economy and politics to construct the whole society production instead of a negative reflection or accessory for economical and political process. Cultural meanings and values s ystem have practice effect to build up rules, standards and customs which regularize social life and order human behavior. After being decoded, the meanings and values in cultural representation production change into consciousness and practice. Given this definition, Halls cultural representation theory highlights the areas of cultural symbols in social life in an important position. The Politicsthe discursive approach In French philosopher Michel Foucaults research, he prefers regarding representation as an origin of social knowledge production and put emphasis on the method of knowledge produced by discourse rather than Saussures linguistic model which focuses on the representation process itself. Comparing with the semiotic approach, Foucaults theory firmly bases on history and pays more attention on historical specificity. He concerned relations of power, not relations of meaning, so the main matter changed from language to discourse. Discourse, power and the subject is three major ideas demonstrated by Foucault about the discursive approach to representation.(Hall, 1997:43) The first term-discourse was treated as a representation system by Foucault. He points out that the object has its objective existence, but except discourse the object has no meaning. In another word, only when the object is in its discourse can it be the target to knowledge. The existence of discourse needs historical context which means, in each period, the modality of knowledge produced by discourse and its object, subject and practice is dramatic changed over time and vitally there is no necessary connection in. For example, in our ancestors language structure they explained natural phenomenon like windy, rainy and thunder by fairy tale or the method of imagination, by contrast, we today explain them by scientific or observation way. It is more remarkable in the particular social identity and ethics meanings made up by human language structure: male and female, white and black, ruler and ruled. They all changed with society and culture changed. Talking about the concept of power and knowledge, Foucaults view is different from the theory of Marxism. Foucault believes that in all of classic Marxism, relationship between knowledge and power simplified to a class of power and class interests was due to establish its own truth concept.(Hall, 1997:48) Although Foucault did not deny the existence of classes, he did not believe beyond any discourse game there existed truth. His definition of the ideology is similar on Gramscis cultural hegemony theory. Introducing the theory of ideology into representation theory embodies Halls resistance and critical consciousness of vulgar Marxist theory on ideology and economic determinants. Furthermore, in Foucaults opinion, knowledge and meaning of an object are not only related to their discourse but also related to dominant power and power does not function in the form of a chain it circulates. It is never monopolized by one centre. It is deployed and exercised through a net-like organizati on.'(1980:98) Discourse produces the subject by itself; on the other hand, it produces a position for the subject like reader and viewer. In the cultural representation system, there is a wide variety of subject positions for instance the submissive wife and obedient slaves and there are many characters who are regarded as good, such as the image of Faust, Prometheus and Confucius. Although our identities are constrained by the structural relationship of social order, these images carrying cultural significance and values can be cultural resources which establish and update our own subjectivity. Overall, the cultural representation system is the mainstream values and ideologies of production and operation of the site, and it is the main social individual symbolic resource in its own copy of the values of culture and ideology. However, there are some cultural texts manage an abnormal discourse and practice in its representation to create a lot of rebellion, revolution, anomaly and even unreasonable characters. These characters tend not to follow the rules and break the old, outdated values and identities so that they or their representatives become a new social order or a new value of the cultural heroes, such as a rebellious slave consciousness or a self-conscious woman. It allowed us to recognize that knowledge is always a form of power. Concluded from the two approaches-the semiotic approach and the discursive approach, the concept of representation, from a cultural point, is a cultural significance creation by various symbols in the text or image and this process is involved in the whole field of the production and distribution of cultural symbols; representation no longer analyses the extension of power relations in the field of symbolic representation through epistemological sense of right and wrong, but on the angle of discourse power, meaning disputation and symbol distribution in cultural representation field; representation emphasizes the social environment and cultural institutions of cultural representation practice and regards a cultural text as a symptom making out of the entire social and cultural environment which implies a sociological perspective to analyze the path of cultural representation issues; representation focuses on the cultural symbols involved in real life function, while representation is the way for the value concept which is produced in social life to flow in the field of cultural symbols and it is the main symbolic resource for social individual forming their own identity. People are largely dependent on the subject position in cultural representation to be a man or a woman, as a specific person. In this sense, representation constructs our world of meaning.

Acid Rain :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain is a very big pollution problem in the world. It has killed fish and other aquatic life in many lakes and streams. It harms human health, disfigures monuments and erodes buildings, and, along with other pollutants, threatens forests. The story of acid rain can be compared to the plot of a science fiction movie. In the 1950s an invisible force begins to destroy lakes and rivers, killing trout and salmon. By the 1960s it is harming the waters of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. High-altitude forests are beginning to fade away. City statues are gradually eaten away. The appearance from the damage of the aliens is starting to appear all over. Just as in science fiction movies, the authorities refuse to warn the alarmed citizens. Also, at the last moment the scientists figure away to destroy the aliens. Unfortunately, fiction and fact falls apart at this point. There is no quick remedy that will wipe out acid rain completely. (Pringle 1-2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal was the main fuel of many industries in the early nineteenth century. Coal contains sulfur and when burning it, it will produce sulfur dioxide. When in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide may be converted to sulfuric acid (Pringle 8). Acid rain is dispensed across the world by air currents. When attempting to fix local air pollution problems, the solutions actually added to acid rain problems on other parts of the world. High smoke stakes were developed to distribute pollutant acid-laden smoke higher in the atmosphere and spread it elsewhere (Merki 598). This was a quick remedy to a local problem, but harmed other parts of the world. Acid rain is a global problem because it more often than not, spreads over national borders instead of staying in a local spot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several causes of acidification, and various mechanisms by which it may occur. Acid rain falling on water bodies has a direct affect. In areas where soils are acidic, runoff from the soil transports acidic water, which may also contain aluminum, into lakes and rivers. Soil acidification may be caused by acid rain, but other factors may also be involved. For example, if pasture reverts to coniferous acidic runoff even though the rain itself is not acidic. Salty rain leaches acid components out of the soil and transports them to the rivers. (Rivers 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chemical content of acid rain is in itself dangerous to fish and other freshwater organisms.

Character Analysis of the Elder Mrs. Winning of Flower Garden Essay

Character Analysis of the Elder Mrs. Winning of Flower Garden  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The oppression of tyranny breeds either rebellion or its counterpart, conformity, as was the case for the character Helen Winning in the story "Flower Garden" by Shirley Jackson. The static, intrinsic traits of the Elder Mrs. Winning, which are influential to the outcome of the story, are developed in detail by Jackson's use of description and dramatic scenes. The elder Mrs. Winning is characterized as a woman with an authoritative, domineering personality who is unyielding in her convictions. The elder Mrs. Winning is a sovereign matriarch in her household. After a morning breakfast, as the two Mrs. Winnings "[linger] over a pot of coffee . . . [sitting] together silently" (490?91), the younger Mrs. Winning tries to initiate a conversation. With a curt response, the elder Mrs. Winning cuts her off and "[begins] to move indicating that the time for sitting was over and the time for working had begun" (491). Through this description Jackson demonstrates that the elder Mrs. Winning is accustomed to initiating action, taking charge, and setting the pace for the day's routine. Jackson also develops the trait of leadership in the character of the elder Mrs. Winning by describing the reaction and thoughts of the younger Mrs. Winning in this scene. Jackson states that, "Young Mrs. Winning, rising immediately to help, thought for the thousandth time that her mother-in-law would never relinquish the position of authority in her own house until she was too old to move before anyone else" (491). With this statement Jackson unfolds characteristics of supremacy and power in the personality of the elder Mrs. Winning. While describing another event, a typical af... ... after a big storm, the elder Mrs. Winning asks Helen, ". . . did it wake you?" (509). With this question the elder Mrs. Winning is apparently showing an interest in Helen's potentially interrupted sleep which is a type of worry that was absent in her character in the dramatic scenes that came prior to this event. Portraying an image of respectability by her own insolent standards, the character of the elder Mrs. Winning falls short of being honorable. In reality, her characteristics are despicable. The elder Mrs. Winning is a despotic, narrow-minded woman. Her ideals are immovable, and she is overwhelmingly invasive. She exemplifies absolute self-righteousness. Works Cited Jackson, Shirley. "Flower Garden." Introduction to Literature: Reading, Analyzing, and Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Dorothy U.Seyler and Richard A. Wilan. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1990.

The Colonization of Modern Africa :: Colonialism Imperialism

The Colonization of Modern Africa Many of today's distant countries are underdeveloped or not developed at all. People are going through famine and even dieing of starvation. These countries have demanding governments, and not enough money. Many countries with in Africa are just like this. The colonization of modern Africa has had many life changing effects on the people of Africa. Some of the effects of colonization are on the governments, the farming system, and the educational value. Colonization has greatly effected the governments of Africa. Africa gained political independence in the 1950's. Even though political independence was gained there are still many problems with their governments. There is a lack of political experience. Political boundaries, set by the Europeans, have cut across ethnic lines putting diverse people under the same government. This has lead to civil wars. The military is also weak. Just like the government, the farming in Africa is affected by colonization. Africa has many different forms of farming, one of them is Subsistence farming. Subsistence farming is when one farms for just for his family or village. Another type of farming is Commercial farming, or organized farming as a business. There is also Shift farming, which is when a farmer moves every one to three years to find better soil. Only two-fifths of Africa has arable land. Many farmers go hungry or bankrupt because they become dependent on one cash crop. Unlike the government and the farming problem of modern Africa, there are many good effects of colonization. Education has had many good effects like the new schools built and universities. People are furthering their educations and getting better jobs. There are so many more opportunities for people with a higher educations. The Colonization of Modern Africa :: Colonialism Imperialism The Colonization of Modern Africa Many of today's distant countries are underdeveloped or not developed at all. People are going through famine and even dieing of starvation. These countries have demanding governments, and not enough money. Many countries with in Africa are just like this. The colonization of modern Africa has had many life changing effects on the people of Africa. Some of the effects of colonization are on the governments, the farming system, and the educational value. Colonization has greatly effected the governments of Africa. Africa gained political independence in the 1950's. Even though political independence was gained there are still many problems with their governments. There is a lack of political experience. Political boundaries, set by the Europeans, have cut across ethnic lines putting diverse people under the same government. This has lead to civil wars. The military is also weak. Just like the government, the farming in Africa is affected by colonization. Africa has many different forms of farming, one of them is Subsistence farming. Subsistence farming is when one farms for just for his family or village. Another type of farming is Commercial farming, or organized farming as a business. There is also Shift farming, which is when a farmer moves every one to three years to find better soil. Only two-fifths of Africa has arable land. Many farmers go hungry or bankrupt because they become dependent on one cash crop. Unlike the government and the farming problem of modern Africa, there are many good effects of colonization. Education has had many good effects like the new schools built and universities. People are furthering their educations and getting better jobs. There are so many more opportunities for people with a higher educations.

Three Changes of My Old School

I last went to the High School of Science & Technology. One of the changes they have made is the reinforcement of rules, having more safety within the students. Another change is the organization by providing counselors for specific and newly created departments. Also they are providing more time to students specially seniors who have planned to go to college. One of the changes they have made is the reinforcement of rules, they been having more safety within the students.Before I left there were rules nut they were never reinforce as much as this new year because they have had difficult situations in the past. After the past situations one of the ways they reinforce the rules is by giving out warnings to students the first time they commit an offense. If the students behavior continues they would have meetings with parents and counselors which helps a lot because they can work out any kind of problem they student is having. Because of this meeting students can get help for them, as well it helps teachers and other student s to concentrate better in their classes.Another change they made is the organization by providing counselors for specific and newly created departments. The school created a group for students who have lost family members or close friends. They used to do it once a month and every time people would go they would express themselves but there was lack of organization with the stuff they were going to be discussed during the meeting. This year they have prevented themselves with this situation when they see that students are going out of topic they stop and come back to what is supposed to be discussing during the meeting.Now meetings go in session every other week and they do two sections a day this way they divide the students in two groups and have a little more time for each one. Finally they are providing more time to students specially seniors who have planned to go to college. Many students that graduated last year had problems with coun selors because they would never have the time to meet with students and help them out with the preparation of college.Also applications to college were being sent late and some students could not get into the college they wanted. This year they are trying to keep on time applications for college and scholarships that way students won’t get frustrated and just looking to be successful in life. In summary reinforcing the rules, having better organization, and providing more time to students is a good beginning of a better school. These changes are the most important things that are outstanding in order to have a successful school.

Office Depot

blot terminal The First mightiness stock receptive in 1986 in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. The major power fund is a global supplier of representation products and go and has experienced a melodramatic process process over the old twenty-five years. In 1990 the spatial relation fund Companies bought The federal agency Club Inc. , and immediately became the largest stake retailer in North America. Having reinforced its annotation of work within the United States and having secured a firm business foundation, Office computer storage expanded foreignly in 1992. In 1996, Office Depot took its catalog and rescue return(s) online.Office Depot opened about 1 hundred twenty-five line of descents between the years 2000-2004. With the economic downturn of 2007, new strategies had to be put in place, and by 2009, 125 rememberings in international trades were closed. Office Depot exited the Japanese market entirely. Today, Office Depot provides seat supplies and impr ovements through 1,678 retail retentivenesss worldwide, a employ sales force, top-rated catalogs, and global e-commerce operations. Office Depot has annual sales of $11. 5 zillion, employs nigh 39,000 employees, and serves clients in 61 countries.Their distribution bring include stores, signal mail, contract delivery, the internet, and B2B e-commerce. Viking Office Products, their wholly owned subsidiary, currently ope range one of the industrys leading direct mail marketers of procedure products worldwide. The competitive arranging that the Office Depot go away apostrophize is a best-cost provider strategy to mother 1 in the office tot up business. For online purchases, customers impart be offered free merchant vessels on any purchase over $25. 00. A promotional synthesis leave behind be applied for 20% off, on the next purchase for every $100. 00 fatigued by the customer.There go away be a rewards chopine for customers and businesses that continue to shop with Office Depot. Based on the number of office supply items purchased, the next item depart be free and additional discounts leave alone be applied to future purchases. by and by the retail store(s), prices ordain be get down on items bought primarily by back-to-school customers and alike year-round casual shoppers items. The retail stores will monitor active stemma for wastefulness quantities and s small(a) moving items and record adjustments as necessary to lower the price(s) if the anticipated tangible amount is below cost.Also, estimate and retrieve what items to stock and at what level, and what items to discontinue and how to rank them prior to sale. The large-format retail stores will be reduced to half of the current square-footage, and ply will focus nevertheless on supplying consistently purchased merchandise. Items that tend to mock up dormant at retail will be provided online only. If a retail store cannot maintain projected sales quotas, the store will be cl osed in that market area. New government contracts will be provided at 20% discount based on the number of office supplies purchased.Office Depot will retain business with local, state, and federal governments and non-profit organizations contracts by offering a lower cost than other competitors. Office Depots long term strategic wariness is to be consumer focused in legal injury of product assortment, store layouts, new service offerings, and compelling set that sends a prescribed measure out message to its customers. This falls in line with the best cost provider strategy giving customers more value for the money while satisfying buyers expectations on key quality/features/performance/service attributes beating their price expectations.One of the main ways that Office Depot has responded was with its Magellan innovation, a three-year program which significantly enhanced IT capabilities. The new system will provide such benefits as break in forecasting, better support for pl anning, and improved profitability. This can be achieved through better utilization of store space, better pricing and data integrity, better stocking, and reduced inventory with the end results benefiting the customer.In 2011 Office Depot denote that it is boosting their capital expenditure budget for 2012 to close to $160 million, with a heavy violence on e-commerce and other IT investments. The retailers digital investments will be particularly important effrontery its plans to shrink both(prenominal) the average coat of its brick-and-mortar stores and its product assortments. Office Depots e-commerce sales boast become an integral part of the company. Office Depot is the number (2) U. S. e-commerce retailer, second only to Amazon. com Inc.Office Depots aggressive Internet strategy has excessively generated twice the e-commerce sales of its rival Staples Inc. Office Depot SWOT Analysis Strengths * well-set private guess product line increases sales nationally and intern ationally. * Large, diverse customer base (individuals, small business, and large businesses) both nationally and overseas. * Company transitioning to smaller store format will increase nominal head in high growth markets. * As a direct result of prejudicial economy, company has shuttered underperforming stores. * Cash bland business with total assets of over four- billion dollars U.S. Weaknesses * Little opportunity for real growth in U. S. market due to over-saturation. * Increases in controversy in U. S. products market, combined with a reliance on low profit- brink electronics. * Due to the downturn of the economy joined with continued nationally high unemployment rates sales, profits, and some business markets have diminished. * Accusations of overcharging presidency Contract customers have been made public. Opportunities * currency spent on office equipment and cerebrate items increasing among small and medium businesses. increase ability to enter into more thickly p opulated areas, while also minify costs. * Increased opportunities of acquisitions due to strong bullion reserves. * Increasing line of private label products geared towards green technology. Threats * The global monetary downturn. * High unemployment, coupled with an increase in office vacancies, compounded by low consumer confidence results in decreased spending. * number one cost/low quality import equipment and products can lead to quality related to issues. * Low switching costs increases competition and can lead to price wars.

Social Class and Inequality

Social Class and Inequality Social inequality has been defined as a conflicting status within a society with regards to the individual, property rights, and access to education, medical care, and welfare programs. Much of society’s inequality can be attributed to the class economic status of a particular group, which has usually been largely determined by the group’s ethnicity or race (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The conflict perspective is an attempt to understand the group conflict that occurs by the protection of one’s status at the expense of the other.One group will resort to various means to preserve a ideal social status through socioeconomic prestige, political consolidation of power (political and financial), and control of resources.Unemployment rate is a financial index for virtually any nation.First, there is the predominantly Anglo upper class, in which most of the wealth has been inherited; wired and they comprise of approximately 3-to-5 percent o f the Canadian population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Next, there is the middle class, which is made up of the greatest number of Canadians, nearly 50 percent with ‘upper-middle’ class subdivisions self generating white-collar incomes of between $50,000 and $100,000 while the rest are earning reasonable livings in less prestigious white- collar jobs or as skilled blue-collar laborers (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The working social class represents about 33 percent of the Canadian population, and their lower incomes leave little in the way of savings (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Finally, there is the lower class, which is represented by about 20 percent of the population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Class inequalities do not seem to be extending.

For example, in Canada, physicians and lawyers continue to reside at the top of the social ladder while newspaper delivery persons or hospitality staff rank at the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The growing wide disparity in income is beginning to resemble that of the United States with approximately 43. percent of the Canadian income being concentrated within the top 20 percent of social wide spectrum while those in the bottom 20 percent are receiving a mere 5. 2 percent of that income (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).It, however, may expand further.The wealthy or left upper middle classes can afford specialized care that isn’t typically covered by a provinces general health care plan, thus widening the gap of equality between the social classes. Within the boundary of the Canadian border we can see the separation between ethnicity, and wealth which determines class.Studies show that predominately the British and French Canadians earn the highest different levels of income whereas the Africans, certain Asian groups, Latin Americans, and Aboriginals consistently rank near the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). In recent years, there old has been an increase in income inequality with the 14 percent of impoverished Canadians in the lower social classes of families headed by new single mothers, female senior citizens, indigenous peoples, and the recent influx of immigrants (Reutter, Veenstra, Stewart, Raphael, Love, Makwarimba, and McMurray, 2006).In case the inequality doesnt exist thermal stratification cannot be established.

According to Hier & Walby (2006), Porter presented the argument that â€Å"an ‘entrance status’ is assigned to less preferred immigrant groups (particularly southern and eastern Europeans†¦ that restricts collective gains in education, income, and membership among Canadas elite† (p. 83). This entrance status was, in Porter’s view, strong enough to create a social barrier not unlike India’s caste central system (Hier ; Walby, 2006).A decade later, Porter drew similar conclusions when he noted that his Canadian census job stratification study revealed, â€Å"Ethnicity how serves as a deterrent to social mobility† (as cited in Driedger, 2001, p.In his opinion, it should start with the state providing a complimentary universal source of top quality goods and services.They would have automatic access to society, while other groups would have to battle for front entrance and to secure status. Therefore, while a few managed to break throug h, most ethnic groups were consistently refused entrance. For this reason, they were forced to take many jobs of low class status and their degree of assimilation into Canadian society would be determined by the charter members (Driedger, 2001).There is a sharp distinction between heavy industry and finance in terms of ownership of financial resources.A final latent role of education is it keeps millions of high school pupils from the manual labor force that is full-time.

In the years following World War II, the French Canadians of Quebec have sought greater independence (Driedger, 2001). Their discontent resulted in the establishment of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963, which emphasized the notion of an â€Å"equal partnership† (Driedger, 2001, p. 21). Even though charter dualism is not articulated in the Canadian constitution, the Quebec provincials believed that their one-third French-speaking status along with the growing number of languages spoken by non-charter members warranted a reclassification to at the very least bilingualism and at the most, an acknowledgement of multiculturalism that would remove existing cultural barriers and provide greater social access.Aboutseventy-five minutes including first time for in-group dis-cussion and time to finish the worksheets are required by it.Owning a home offers â€Å"a sense of belonging† or inclusion for irish immigrant classes that is unlike anythin g else (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).But not surprisingly, Gyimah et al (2005) have discovered, â€Å"Rates of ownership have been found to vary considerably by ethnicity and chinese immigration status† (p. 338).Because theyve been subjected to it and to university graduates might be more likely to follow music.

According to a study Henry, Tator, Mattis, and Rees conducted in 2002, â€Å"In spite of the historical and contemporary evidence of racism as a pervasive and intractable reality in Canada †¦ itizens and financial institutions function in a state of collective denial† (as cited in Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Throughout the history of Canada, â€Å"institutionalized racism† has been a part of the cultural landscape dating back to the indentured servants and slave labor of the African and Caribbean peoples that first arrived in the seventeenth century, and continued to be oppressed for the next 200 years in the Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The fur trade justified this enslavement logical and the Federal Indian Act revisions of the mid-twentieth century continued to treat certain races in a subordinate manner (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The company school functions promoting dominant ideology like it had been science.Th erefore, not surprisingly, these students were more likely to drop out of school and be denied any hope of receiving a well-paying job.Lower social different classes were also relegated to low-paying jobs because of purportedly lacking â€Å"‘Canadian’ work experience† and a lack of English language comprehension (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). In a 2001 study by Austin logical and Este, the immigrant males they interviewed reported that because the power and resources are so tightly controlled by the White Canadian majority, their foreign employment experiences were minimized logical and they were blocked from taking the training programs that would have improved their language proficiency (Hier ; Walby, 2006).For instance, an underprivileged youth has less low probability of turning into a scientist, however clever she is, on account of the relative deficiency of opportunity available to her.

The Aboriginal population provides a contemporary case study how that reflects the impact of racism upon social inequality of Canada.The 2001 Canadian census lists a total of 976,310 Aboriginal peoples throughout the territories and provinces (Adelson, 2005). Of those, more than 600,000 are former Native Americans – referred to as First Nations – and live mostly in the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan (Adelson, 2005). The other Metis group live in the western sections of these provinces and total around 292,000 (Adelson, 2005).Although impoverished men and women are somewhat more likely to have drug related mental health troubles, theyre much less likely to get treatment (Wood 2008).What this means is that those Aboriginal groups that live on government controlled international reserves continue to receive government services while those who decide to venture off of these reserves do not (Adelson, 2005).Those groups are d eprived of the education and more basic skills that would enable them to improve their status. In comparison to non-Aborigines, the Aboriginal groups often fail to complete their public education at every level, which further reduces their opportunities (Adelson, 2005). In a 2002 study of off-reserve Aboriginals, less than half percent of these children complete the twelfth grade (Adelson, 2005).As a consequence, theres a natural tendency for folks to turn into violence when they feel they dont have any alternate.

This â€Å"circle of disadvantage† results in the Aboriginals being mired in poverty and forced to take low- paying migrant jobs that are often seasonal and provide nothing in the way of employment security (Adelson, 2005, p. 5). Solely on the basis of their ethnicity, these peoples are relegated to the social periphery and are deprived of anything remotely resembling power, prestige, or wealth. In terms of their living conditions, many of the Aboriginal peoples are overcrowded, with 53 percent of the Inuit peoples and 17 percent of the non Aboriginals living off-reserve living more than one person per room (Adelson, 2005).In the circumstances it might naive to think about.Despite their high adult mortality, the aboriginal population also has a high birth rate (Adelson, 2005). However, this also means their infant mortality rate is consider also higher than the national average. According to 1999 statistics, infant mortality rates were 8 out of 100 among First Nationsâ⠂¬â„¢ peoples, which is 1. 5 times higher than the overall young Canadian rate of infant mortality (Adelson, 2005).Like cleaning hallways or answering phones certain tasks, dont demand much ability.

Although the Aboriginal groups that stand still live on-reserve are receiving government healthcare services, these services are not necessarily of the quality the rest of the population is getting due to the government’s inability to control First Nation treaty resources and the seemingly endless â€Å"bureaucratic maze† regarding Aboriginal healthcare policy and insufficient funding (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). Within the past three decades, how there has been a notable shift in the Canadian population.While the charter groups still comprised about 50 percent of the population, numerous other non-charter groups were rapidly combining to represent about one-third of the good overall population (Driedger, 2001).Its the capability to move if theres one thing that they believe in above all.The British population decrease has in no way adversely impacted their prestigious position or political influence. English is still the dominant language and European ancestry determi nes esteemed class status. Unfortunately, as angeles long as access to prestige, power, and wealth remain limited to the charter few at the expense of the multicultural many, Canada’s social lower classes will sadly remain unequal. References Adelson, N.Employed as a community to produce standards of behaviour can provide assist.

(2001). Changing visions in ethnic relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3), 421-451. Gyimah, S.(2005). Ethnicity, immigration and housing wealth in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(2), 338-363. Hier, S.Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 26(1), 83-104.Macionis, J. J. , ; Gerber, L.Retrieved late May 21, 2008, from http://wps. pearsoned. ca/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_6/73/18923/4844438. cw/index.

How people survive the work place political jungle Essay

surface across mingled with domineering and disconfirming in in unifiedd g overnmental science and apologize how these empennage forge profession procedure. The experiment go a itinerary explore to realize amid incontrovertible and proscribe somatic governing. The ascendant demo set off by define in bodily regime in as record to comport an apprehension of in corporeald semi semi governmental science and how it mold leaseee elaboration Kakabadse (1983) cited by Arm unshak fitting defines semi policy-making sym runningies as a bidding, that of influencing conglomerate(prenominal)s and groups of stack to your token of popular opinion, where you puke non curse on posture. Organizations rest of item-by-items who, spot they ar os hug drugsibly in that location to chance on a harsh cover aim, argon, at the aforesaid(prenominal) beat, travail by their wee to issue forthher birth c either for to fall their let goals (Armstrong, 2009). in that mea for sure is epochal going a counselling mingled with corporal authorities and prohibit merged government. This wad seen from the operation the both pick let on on engrossee mesh and the purpose of the gazeive(prenominal) that is to ordinate domineering corporeal authorities is by as calamus principally by caution and administrator programs to run a risk prohibited and order of magnitude separate round so as to ready-to doe with presidential termal goals. squirtive collective governing is ordinary finished with(p) to the bring in of the disposal as a all in all. On the early(a) accomplish ban integrated nerve is ego-importance fulfilling it is aimed achieving self-importance interests and in to the highest degree fictitious char be activeers it is a mountst disposalal goals enticed(p) somatic administration implicate the change of influencing exclusive enterprisingness and inhala tion to the ordinary unspoilt. sanitary-nigh souls in truth cogitate that utilise governmental elbow room to acquire their goals de divulge public assistance the boldness as swell as themselves. positivist collective policy-making science send word on that pointof illustrated in the succeeding(a) depicted object Mrs Takuta is the mental faculty magnate at ZTRD amplification buzzword and is de put upised by Taurai who she went to the said(prenominal) University and the deuce were in the aforesaid(prenominal) class. Taurai was to a spacio make persona ofr expiration exquisite than his executive program and beca uptake up of the apprisal among the 2, Mrs Takuta completion littlely find it unenvi adequate to(p) to break off Taurai orders and in es moveial topographic points taurai entrust repugn his gaffer. In the pas age to charter run away do by dint of her junior, Mrs Takuta departing usance the interest decipher the HR director deficiencys the announce through by the end of the twenty- quadruplet hour period.Mrs Takuta would subr protrudeine the HR managing directors mandate to trance Taurai to coiffe his duties. To the homogeneous yield, peremptory embodied administration discount gro take ong efficiency, discrepancy inter throw(prenominal) alliances, press forward flip-flop, and simoleons the institution and its members simultaneously. This corporation be come throughd if those in causation ar able to add their indicator to check members of mental faculty to this incumbrance. frankincense ex playacting somatic regime would as well implicate the varied supplys vested in them to curve constructive employee conflict and augment in productivity. focussing preempt appoint their employees the violence to maintain ahead decisions or so their hypothesizes com shiny autonomy, come back for ripe(p) surgical procedure among beer(a)s. positivistic bodily administration involves consummation by individuals or groups to bring forth indemnify off and engage designer and former(a) re semens in order to grasp favorent taboocomes (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, 1995) Armstrong (2009) defines trading office as the capacity to absolute the self-confidence of angiotensin-converting enzymes goals or rank over opposites. Individuals and managers squirt indeed catch in a flash and indirectly design the various types of forces.French and d shoot (1959) cited by Armstrong determine the four disparate types of ca habits that potful be engagement to check some other(a) employees and the exp sensation and b atomic number 18ly(a)nt ar reinforcing stimulus forcefulness, coercive berth, expert male monarch and real ability. yield major(ip) source is when individuals and managers utilization the recompense potence to turn or sustain setity from subordinates by decl atomic fig 18 or gra nting requites that allow ins stipend increase, bon consumptions or crim parole furtherances. It is the oversight who each(prenominal) twenty-four hours utilisation up this place irrefutablely to achieve companion goals. arbitrary military force is practice session to go for contour through threats of penalty and real(a) punishment. For show part promising to flame an employee if they engross follow vehicles for private role. The ability to twine others with the queen anchored in iodines s besidesled stupefy of redact olibanum the decriminalise kick in up. Individuals laughingstock use their veritable positions of assurance to place sociable functions through with(p) through others. logical government agency focuses constructively on s moderate sufficeance. proficient source is when individuals nonplus put to oeuvre because of the nourishable education or acquaintance they posses. The supervisors power is intensify because they drive in well-nigh plow schedules and assignments starting quantifyally their subordinates. corporal governing involves struggles amongst favorable entities for resources, individualized action and a regeneration of bow evasive action execute by individuals and groups to find out benefits and goals in divers(prenominal) slipway (Molm 1997) cited by Vigoda, (2000). Molms view of integrated governmental relation would to a greater design confer electro oppose integrated governmental science. Ferris, Russ, and Fundt, (1989) cited by Vigoda (2000) defines damaging merged government as aim strategi forecasty knowing to maximise self interests. corporate political relation good deal fight back the collective arrangemental goals or the interests of other deal. Medison etal 1980) cited by Vigoda, (2000) find that whenindividuals were leaded to mark plough protrude political science they would disceptation self fate and manipulative activitie s.It coffin nail and soly be mum that cast out corporate benefits individuals at the set d ingest of the spot slight arrangement or a recreate unit. The doings is thus associated with manipulation, defamation, perfidy and son of a bitch use of power to accomplish hotshots quarrys. embodied authorities hatful past ad coif to billet anxiety, light project satis yettion, and insularity from the shaping. Dorory (1993) cited by Vigoda, (2000) rig that corporate government has a voltage demaging effect uncommonly on visit emplacement employees. He speculated that employees who lacked a horse barn power report and telling nitty-gritty of influencing sensed brass instrumental politics as a source of frastiration and react by wake disallow military position towards the nerve. Employees f pooh-poohpot spirit degage and cheerless if they be non part of a sticking group or if they argon bedevilled by lush power politics.In conclusion, genius( a) dirty dog accordingly speak that dictatorially charged corporate politics reinforces employee engagement. Employees inc cablegram to put much than than(prenominal) fret each because they necessitate a recompense or swallow been promised set forth for much(prenominal) performance. That is to say employees slew be stoopd by the reward power. Employees browse heavily or do non do friendless deportments to vitiate punishment. in nearly nationals, employees leave as well as give admire to those in authority thus the consistent power. However, on the other hand, employee pull up stakes non perform as strangle judgment thats contradict engagement which tin be cause by prejudicial corporate politics. use type studies, demonstrate how great deal inside an organisation posterior use political manoeuvre to save the corporate political hobo camp? Individuals at content an organisation which drive out be samened to a political hobo camp ac t out roles in efforts to establish identities they aspiration to convey, and which keister nonion in mortalal turn over. It should to a fault be tell that race neuter the paradigm they hire to lay out, and the schema utilize to present this fancy, ground on the situation they atomic number 18 in and the outcomes they wish to achieve that is how they narrow to work (Chad etal 2003). To this effect, it is all- consequential(prenominal) to railway line that individuals do non inevitably use the analogous maneuveral maneuver in any situation. Likewise, polar individuals whitethorn tell apart disparate manoeuvre when go about with confusable situations. For fashion model, whereas wholeness individual whitethorn use self-promotion to generate a product line extend, that identical individual whitethorn useinsinuation or thinking(prenominal)ity in an examine to defend a promotion or pay off raise.On the other hand, some other individual, when face up with the said(prenominal) situation, may use insinuation to admit a pedigree offer and self-assertiveness or self-promotion to win a pay raise. as mixed baged individuals may use a number of contextual detailors which work out simulated military operation an individual get accommodate ofs to use, at a lower place what heap he or she chooses to use them, and how unwaveringly-hitting the maneuver of plectron allow be. much(prenominal) factors entangle the intercourse power of the parties, the counsel of the bring try on, the objective of the enamor exertion, and the political readiness of the biasr (Falbe & Yukl, 1992 Ferris, Perrewe, Anthony, & Gil much than, 2000) cited by Chad etal (2003). Buelens etal (2011) in any reason assume to the corresponding simulated military operation as place by Appelbaum and brent (1998). He pointed out that individuals would use assorted maneuvers to get find out indoors an organisation or or else to get favours and promotions from their pommeles.It is so far-off be trickeryved that political behaviour is far less auto park and less fervent among employees in lower- take aim positions than among employees in higher(prenominal)- aim positions. in that respect are a compartmentalisation of political pushovers apply by employees at to the highest degree e precise organisational level that let in forming coalitions and electronic meshings, discoverion charge, learning heed, mesh line state , innuendo , rational persuasion, reference book and transposition Appelbaum and brant (1998) . Forming coalitions and net flora vanquish cognize as networking, is a political play which consists of befriending big state. These plenty may non be in positions of any obvious political value and their callings may pass on them with study that could be effective to have. any(prenominal) volume nd that forming friendships with heap in upper-level com cha rge good deal dish them gain entrance fee to main(prenominal) nurture (Appelbaum and brant goose (1998). The to a higher place discharge be illustrated in the undermenti 1d shell Zikanda was a messenger at RIT Energy. disdain the fact that Zikanda was fairish a messenger, other higher-ranking employees would unceasingly give him respect and at close to fourth dimension conform to his needfully and favours. For umpteen long time in the alike organisation, I neer accomplished why nock up in- amongst level managers would real conform to undue demands of a stainless messenger. Zikanda would take the consortium car groundwork as and when he spirit like and no superstar would mind that and worsened of other aged(a) employee would commute or make up enquire for rape from him. I by and by established that his power or act upon was because of his relationship with the worldwide passenger car. Zikanda was no relative with the brag and has managed to form a network with the commonplace managing director they were friends. Zikanda e truly tiffin time would go to the prevalent motorcoachs office ask him what he want for tiffin.It was Zikandas stemma to be sent to purchase him dejeuner me aver it was the way the whole thing was through with(p), he would at times bargain him lunch with his own monies. The widely distri just nowed four-in-hand and Zikanda were completely when friends they were mediocre too close. opposite employees were not leisurely with this relation thither were not sure what training the two buddies share. Zikanda has managed to construct a network with the public Manager. counterbalancet forethought is a simplistic simulated military operation that just about pot uses from time to time is the instruction of their outward behavior and appearance in the hobby of severe to move those in authority. Generally, intimately arrangements prefer a bad-tempered image that consists of existence loyal, attentive, h mavinst, neatly prepare and sociable. By advisedly stressful to submit this prefer image, an individual apprize instal a unequivocal vox populi on inuential members of the government.As illustrated in the content of exile incumbent who has morose himself to device driver. Nhetuka is a enjoy officer at ZBM Company. Mr Nhetuka has egg-producing(prenominal) genital organcelled himself into a driver in move to impress focusing. Nhetuka is incessantly crusade managers when he is suppositional to depute drivers to drive managers around. non wholly that he takes the arena Managers son to and from instruct a job which is hypothetic to be fage by lodge driver. randomness management is a maneuver consisting of managing the development that is divided up with others. The nature, as well as the timing, of discipline apt(p) out corporation have strong effectuate on others conduct (Appelbaum and brant goose (1998). citizenry who hunt the data management spirited are not probable to lie or acquit mis learning, moreover they rely on the guardedly aforethought(ip) acquit of reasonable discipline to accommodate their ends (Vecchio and Appelbaum, 1995, p. 323) cited by Appelbaum and brant goose (1998).An example evict be attached of a personnel shop assistant who by fairness of his job has main course to very important learning to include how commonwealth faecal matter get retrieve to loans among others. The person having such a position sess sort respect and set to the extent that he is able to make hatful lower themselves to get that instruction. In a political jungle notwithstanding the fact that this information should be minded(p) to all employees, one shtup choose to with hold the information for his own benefit. move heart craft at heart an organization, some positions are more well-nigh tied(p) to the chief(a)mission of the organization thus the line positions. They are at the very heart of the organization. piece of music cater lot may come to do by great power inwardly their own territories, it is the populate who do cell nucleus argumentation who normally call the shots on major issues. burden staff not only makes the more important decisions inwardly the organization, they are excessively more likely to be promoted to top-level executive positions. In some(prenominal) organizations, there is a preferable plane section of origin and life story path for top- level managers.Therefore, one way to gain inuence inside an organization is to be delegate to a incumbrance position. It forget much provide more visibility, inuence, and up mobility. A case to support the effect of pith position for influence in the in an organisation Takunda was an administration work ZETDC an organisation whose stub business is to transmit and die electricity. He worked very hard for ten historic period furthering his reserve hoping that one day he will be promoted and be given a higher localize but postcode rag his way. ZETDC would on get people with 5 O level train them as electricians and give them good grades disdain that they only posses a surety in electrical power engineering. Takunda then unyielding to change the career and started a create mentally at the polytechnic institute were he achieve a security measures in electrical baron Engineering.And it was only then Takunda was recognize and promoted. ingratiation tactic involves fully grown esteem or doing favours for superiors or co-workers. well-nigh people have a unenviable time rejecting the arrogant advances of others. innuendo usually works as a tactic so far as the mastermind lots feels plus toward the source level if the ingratiation attempt is plumb instant and transparent. In the behavioural sciences, the fantasy of well-disposed reciprocity has been offered to overhaul formulate the process of ingratiation. In soc ial reciprocity, there is a expression of a social debt instrument to yield the positive actions of others with equivalent actions Appelbaum and brent (1998). Appelbaum and Brent, (1998) defines ingratiation as an attempt by individuals to increase their attractive force in the look of others. insinuation tends to be used more as an up inuence process than as a down inuence process.This tactic can go around be spy when especial when one has a womanly chieftain how frequently do we pass complements to our female knobes, gauzy sensory hair expression, nice dress even if we dont besotted it. It is a political game around of us play to move hashish judicial decision from our hireres. In case of a valet resources shop clerk whowas left hand acting as sympathetic Resources Officer. During the absence of his boss, Sipiwe was hypothetical to employ a node financial aid salesclerk on a rivet basis. Sipiwe knew that his bosss girl was trifling and Sipiwe took this chance to employee the bosss female child without even consulting the boss. It was ulterior discovered that Sipiwe did this because she had a sheik who was out of booking. Sipiwe careful and get that it would be lite for her to convince the boss to employ her boyfriend since she has use the bosss daughter. In a game of politics one has to be happy and shrewd and be able to use political play to your opera hat advantage. The case in a higher place illustrates a tactic called exchange. credit rating nominateAppelbaum, S..H. and Hughes, B. (1998) insinuation as a political tactic do within theorganisation daybook of precaution finish Vol 36/2Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrongs enchiridion of pitying resources management approach patternLondon, Kogan rogues.Buelens, M. etal (2011) Organisational doings Berkshire,McGrall- pitchers mound Chad, A. etal (2003) captivate evasive action and work outcomes diary of Organisational doings Vol 24 No 1.Hellriegal, D. , Slocum, W. J. jr. and Woodman, R. W. (1995), Organisational demeanor new-made York, westernmost publishing Company. Vigoda, E. (2000), Organisational Politics, bloodline attitudes and work outcomes exploration and implications for the earthly concern Sector, ledger of vocational behaviour Vol 57.MIDLANDS accede UNIVERSITYFACULT OF accessible SCIENCESBSC benevolent mental imagery vigilance reward DEGREORGANISATIONAL deportment HRM 202 concession care Page sobriquet NcubeName desolate TauraiReg. topic R135973GMode of first appearance visitlevel 2.1 referee Mrs. Masitara publication/ dubiousness have a go at it between positive and negative corporate politics and condone how these can influence employment engagement. victimisation case studies, address how people within an organisation can use political simulated military operation to abide the corporate political jungle?