Select two approaches to counselling which might be useful in Essay

Select two approaches to counselling which might be useful in education, and describe their assumptions and methods. Critically discuss their relevance and suitability for counselling in schools - Essay Example A theoretical approach presents a position that regards the theory and practice of counselling. A school of counselling can be viewed as a grouping of different theoretical approaches, which are similar to each other in terms of fundamental characteristics, which distinguishes them from theoretical approaches in counselling schools. The three main schools, which influence psychotherapy practice and contemporary counselling are usually separated into three overlapping and distinct traditions or schools of theoretical approach that have informed the practice of counselling. They are the humanistic school, the psychodynamic school and the cognitive/behavioral school (Greig, 2007). The humanistic/existential school has its roots in the works of pioneers such as Rogers, Moreno, Maslow, Berne, Binswanger, May, Perls and Boss characterized by a belief in self-actualization and choice. The humanistic school sometimes incorporate existential approach hence gets the broader title humanistic-existential school. It is based on humanism, a system of beliefs and values which emphasizes the better qualities of human beings and individuals’ abilities to develop their human potential. The humanistic counselors often emphasize enhancing clients’ abilities to reason and behave in harmony with their underlying habits to actualize themselves as unique characters. Describing humanistic/existential approach to the development of mental disorders is a considerable challenge. Humanistic approaches in many aspects are philosophical in nature, speak to the nature of the individual’s condition, deal with values and prefer a holistic view of the person. The humanistic/existential approaches evolved as a reaction to the determinism of the early models of psychopathology. Many psychologists were disturbed that Freudian theory did not touch on the inner world of the client but categorized the client according to preconceived diagnoses. They described a client in terms of psychic

Introduction to International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to International Business - Essay Example International trade and world output Free international trade facilitates the countries to specialize in the manufacture of the different goods based on the comparative cost advantage and the economies of scale due to various factors such as favorable climatic conditions, availability of raw materials, manpower and geographical location. The markets would be efficient on the global scale if there is free trade and there are no restrictions placed by the governments on the movement of goods by way of customs duties, taxes and quotas. When the world is moving towards this ideal situation, on its way the efficiency in the global markets will result into increased world output, depending upon the progress. However, various factors such as the need for protecting the agriculture and local industries, the goal of self-sufficiency, balance of payments situation and phase of the economic development of the country dictates the policies to be pursued by the governments. The world output is re lated to international trade, and for example during the times of depression, trade will contract on account of reduction in spending in general by the consumers, consequently the world output; and the revival in consumer spending will emerge when the consumer confidence increases once the recessionary pressures are over. However, the disadvantages due to poor infrastructure have an adverse impact on the economic development in the developing and the underdeveloped countries, and consequently on the international trade. Rich (1992, P. 10) states that there is the problem of the emerging and developing countries who confront the advanced countries with the disadvantage of lacking sufficient  industry and infrastructure to compete, yet competition is the means by which  they can develop their industrial basis and gain the technology for raising their  standards of living.    2. Broad pattern of international trade underpin There are several models for predicting the patterns o f trade. For example, comparative advantage which leads to specialization is based on the theory propounded by David Recardo. However, this Ricardian model of comparative advantage could be neutralized by several factors such as transportation costs and trade costs. Also, the increase in one or more of the components of the cost over a period of time could act as a barrier. Moreover, monetary policies pursued by the government takes into account the factors such as the overall balance of payment position, interest rates and inflation which may have a bearing on the comparative advantage (or disadvantage). This theory is also criticized on account of its assumption about the labor as the critical input. Also, the comparative advantage could be vitiated by the protectionist measures of the other countries. Theories such as ‘New Trade Theory’ and ‘Gravity model of trade’ are based on empirical analysis compared to the earlier theoretical models. The continuous shift in comparative advantage with reference to various products makes the international trade very dynamic and the pattern and the  basis for the balance of trade in goods and services  undergo changes over the period of time. Proudman and Redding (1998, p. 19) state: Theoretical models of growth and trade suggest that patterns of international specialisation are inherently dynamic and evolve endogenously over time. Economic theory pin-points some forces that leads to